What you consumed is what you are now

effect on your daily food!


We have discovered seven strategies to not only increase testosterone and growth hormone levels, but also put "X" in sex and in this report we'll cover three of them.
Our staffer Sam Fields and his report on testosterone made our group dig some more. What we found was nothing short of amazing.
Inside of each man lives a muscle-bound ape who can lift mountains in the weight room, please a dozen women at a time, then sleep like a bear during its hibernation for 8 hours and be ready to do it all again the next day.



The research is in and we've found that the right foods can jack up your testosterone and growth-hormone levels while also shutting down estrogen production in men. If you're not feeling as "manly" as you used to, and you have more than your fair share of days when you just feel plain weak, most likely your anabolic hormones are lying dormant.

Testosterone is the currency of a young and viril man and with it comes lean muscles and erections of iron. Growth hormone (GH) on the other hand, strengthens connective tissue, meaning stronger tendons and a boost in power and muscle mass. Even better, GH seeds up muscle repair, jump-starts your immune system and improves skin elasticity for a tighter, younger, firmer looking physique.



What you eat, how you eat it and what you supplement your food with can bring to the forefront that "animal" inside of you. In this report, we give you seven keys to making it happen.

Protein
It's no secret that protein builds muscle, but the type of protein you choose can be very important. Protein that comes from whey or egg hydrolysates can increase testosterone hormone levels.

Hydrolysates are predigested proteins rich in dipeptides (two amino acids joined together) and tripeptides (three joined together). Dipeptides and tripeptides can escape digestion and go directly to the liver where they increase production of the powerful anabolic hormone insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1).



As a result, hydrolysates do a better job of building muscle than whole proteins or free-form amino acids so be sure to look for these when you purchase protein supplements.

Vegetables
Fat, it turns out, is not only ugly but also a threat to your manhood because it's rich in aromatase, an enzyme that turns testosterone into various estrogens.
Just to make clear, so that all of us are on the same page:
[estrogens = female hormone]

To boost your masculinity and enhance your body's normal disease-fighting ability, eat more broccoli, cabbage and Brussels sprouts. A recent study showed these veggies to be rich in indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a phyto-chemical known to turn "bad" estrogens (which shut down testosterone production) into good ones which help to restore it's production.
[in some dietary coloumn, bitter melon / momordica also good for the health, andy]



Fact: bad estrogens were cut in half when
seven healthy men took 500 milligrams of I3C a day for a week.

Jon Michnovicz, M.d., Ph.D, from Rockefeller
University Hospital
stated "we have strong evidence to suggest that
indole-3-carbinol is active;
it's doing the right things to the body's
hormone system and it's doing them in
a safe and gentle way".

That does this mean to you? Aim for two servings a day of the various cruciferous vegetables which include broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, collards, cress, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, bak choy, radishes, turnip greens and watercress. If you can't handle these, 300mg of another supplement diindolylmethane (also called DIM or diindolin) which is derived from I3C does much the same thing.

Meat
Although science doesn't know why,
evidence suggests that eating meat boosts testosterone levels.
In one study, two groups of men pumped iron for 12 weeks; one group ate a vegetarian diet and the other a meat diet. Strength improved by the same amount in both groups, but only the meat eating group enjoyed marked fat loss and muscle gain. If you decide to eat meat to bulk up, avoid fatty red meat, pork and lamb which are loaded with saturated fat and instead choose fish, poultry or lean cuts of beef.

Micro Penis Size Matter

As an addition which related to my previous post about penis size debate
here is a website forum which content
many commentaries from people around the world
about their private stuff.



which i know this site has relation with
Lawrence Barraclough video project (correct me if i'm mistaken)
"My Penis and Everyone Else's"
have you ever watch this video?
this is an amazing documentary video all about penis.
he directed himself this video



he made a statement that he's got a micro penis.
and tried to find the answer and also a comparative reality on this
penis size thing.
which one is normal?
is mikropenis somekind of errors or mistake?

he did a study about this in that video to make a reflection
or inspiration to change what people think, what people believe
on penis?
check out the news about his porjectby click here



And that’s what it seems to have done- with Lawrence receiving thousands of e-mails from men and women from all over the world congratulating him on his films and shedding an honest light on a topic that few would dare to bring up in public.



if you have the torrent uploader
just visit this website and download the torrent.

Small penis pictures:





normal penis size:

piercing

Info about Penis Piercing.
dont forget to
click for the complete posting


Depending on the anatomy of the individual, there are many different options available in male genital piercing. Some genital piercings are mainly for decorative purposes, while others can enhance the sexual pleasure of the wearer and/or his partner. Your piercer can help you determine which piercings are anatomically possible for your body. Due to the sensitivity, number of veins, and amount of blood flow to the area, it is essential that you only receive genital piercings from a licensed professional body piercer.



When you are healing a genital piercing, it is extremely important to use a condom during sex, including oral sex, to minimize the risk of infection. Here you will find brief descriptions of the most common male genital piercings. The minimum safe size for all of the following piercings is 12 gauge, regardless of the type of jewelry (such as a barbell or a captive bead ring), or the length, that is appropriate for the individual piercing. For most of these piercings, the wearer can choose a thicker gauge of jewelry if he wishes.

One of the most popular genital piercings is the frenum piercing; a barbell inserted horizontally through the loose skin on the underside of the penis shaft. Many men wear more than one frenum piercing, and the combination of two or more is often called a frenum ladder. The piercing can be located anywhere along the shaft, and in many cases it increases the sexual partner’s pleasure. Frenum piercings can also be done near the base of the shaft, and this piercing is sometimes called a lower frenum or lorum. After the piercing is healed (typically in 2 to 3 months), a captive bead ring can be worn instead of a barbell. Return to your piercer if you would like to wear a ring; s/he can determine the appropriate diameter.

The best-known male genital piercing is the Prince Albert or PA piercing, which is a ring or bent barbell that enters the penis through the urethra and exits at the base of the glans. It is normal for this piercing to bleed intermittently for one to three days after it is performed. Many men find that it is difficult to control the direction of their urine while the piercing is healing, so some prefer to sit down to urinate for the first few weeks. Since an individual’s urine is sterile to his or her own body, the risk of infection with a PA piercing is low, and the healing time is usually only 4 to 6 weeks.

An apadravya piercing is a barbell inserted through the head of the penis from top to bottom; wearing large balls on the barbell (5mm or larger) can increase the sexual pleasure of the wearer’s partner. The horizontal equivalent of the apadravya is the ampallang, a barbell inserted horizontally through the head of the penis. Usually the ampallang piercing is placed above the urethra, whereas the apadravya usually intersects with the urethra. Each of these piercings usually takes 4 to 6 months to heal.

Dydoe piercings are short barbells worn vertically through the edges of the glans of a circumcised penis, usually in a pair with one piercing on each side. This piercing is only appropriate for men with a well-developed glans; dydoe piercings performed through a flat glans or on an uncircumcised man could easily migrate or reject. Foreskin piercings are the equivalent of dydoes for uncircumcised men; they are also usually worn in pairs, though a captive bead ring is a more common and comfortable choice than a barbell for a foreskin piercing. Dydoe piercings tend to take 2 to 3 months to heal. Foreskin piercings may take longer to heal and have a high rate of migration or rejection. Dydoe and foreskin piercings are largely decorative but may be sexually pleasurable for the wearer.

There are several options in male genital piercing that do not involve the penis. The hafada piercing is a ring worn through the edge of the scrotum, near the base of the penis; these are also usually worn in pairs, one on each side. It is important that any scrotum piercing be superficial, penetrating only the skin of the scrotum, because a deep scrotum piercing would be dangerous and would not heal correctly. A hafada or scrotum piercing generally heals in 2 to 3 months; however, these piercings also have a high rate of migration or rejection from the body.

A guiche piercing is a ring worn through the perineum (the ridge of skin between the scrotum and anus). Because wearing pants or underwear can irritate the piercing, a guiche piercing can take up to 6 months to heal. It is very important to clean this piercing exactly as instructed by your piercer; due to the piercing’s location, it is easy to contract an infection through improper hygiene.

Pictures of male genital piercing:

Prince Albert (PA) & Reverse PA:


Frenums:



Ampallangs:



Guiche:



Hafada:



here you can see this guy's penis is pierced:

Struggle to against the Proposition 8

Gay couple won't let Proposition 8 steal their dream



"Two men who moved from Ohio to California
to marry continue to protest the measure's passage"
By Alexandra Zavis (L.A.Times)
December 21, 2008


Fearing taunts and disapproval, they kept their love hidden for nearly two years. But with the Nov. 4 election looming, Christopher Lewis and Cody Horton resolved to take a leap of faith.

Following in the footsteps of generations of adventurers and romantics, the shy young couple from Ohio announced they were heading west to marry and begin a new life in California. They put on dark suits and exchanged vows on an unseasonably balmy afternoon in late October, before family, friends and the wide Pacific Ocean.

Wanting to give back to the state that recognized his union, Lewis took a job as a physician's assistant at a community health center in Tehachapi, southeast of Bakersfield, caring for migrant farm workers. But by the time they had packed up their apartment in Ohio and returned to California, voters had approved a change to the state Constitution that put their marriage in doubt.

Before they moved here, the self-effacing couple had never even seen a demonstration, much less protested themselves. But two days after the election, they drove two hours into Los Angeles and nervously joined the throngs marching in protest against Proposition 8. The next night, they were back on the streets in Long Beach. The night after, in Silver Lake, then Westwood and downtown L.A.

"It just hurt so bad; it's all we could think of doing," Lewis said. "It's all we have left."

They are pessimistic that the California Supreme Court will overturn the ban, despite the high-profile appeals by top politicians, including state Atty. Gen. Jerry Brown.

"I did send a wedding picture to the chief justice and wrote a note on the back of it asking him to share it," Lewis said. "Hopefully, if they see enough faces, they will realize that their decisions make a huge difference."

Lewis, 24, and Horton, 20, found each other online during one lonely Christmas vacation in 2006. Horton was in his last year of high school in Middletown, Ohio. Lewis was studying to become a physician's assistant at Kettering College of Medical Arts, a Seventh-day Adventist school in nearby Dayton.

"It was awful," Lewis said. "We had to take religion classes, and they teach being gay is wrong."

He started searching MySpace pages for anyone listing themselves as gay in the Dayton area. A song posted on Horton's page (Say Anything's "Slowly, Through a Vector") caught Lewis' attention, and he left Horton a message. They chatted online, then agreed to meet at a club. Later, they went to the home of Horton's grandmother, who was out of town. They put on a movie, and Horton put his head on Lewis' shoulder.

It felt right, Lewis said. "We felt like we fit in each other's arms."

At first they met in hotel rooms. "Where else could we go to hug or hold hands?" Lewis said.

After Horton graduated from high school, they found jobs so they could afford an apartment together. But they continued to hide their relationship from most people. More than once, passing motorists shouted abusive comments as they walked down the street together. Some real estate agents refused to show them single-bedroom apartments.

Earlier this year, Lewis bought the nicest ring he could afford -- white gold with three tiny diamonds -- drove Horton to a park and proposed. They hugged and cried. But they could not make the union official.

The only state at the time that performed same-sex marriages was Massachusetts, which requires a couple's home state to recognize such unions. But in May, the California Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to ban same-sex marriage, a decision that did not have the same limits as Massachusetts' law.

Lewis and Horton, thinking there was no rush, began considering a California wedding. In September, realizing that Proposition 8 might pass, they went online to book a Long Beach restaurant and find an officiant.

Horton's father did not realize his son was gay until the invitation arrived. Horton's stepmother tried to persuade him to attend the ceremony; she said he walked away and wouldn't look at the card. He later apologized to Horton for missing the big day and awkwardly wished his son well.

Lewis has been estranged from his father for years and did not bother to invite him. But both mothers and Horton's grandmother flew to California for the Oct. 26 wedding.

The day itself passed in a blur. But leading up to it, the thought of standing on a public beach, in front of people they had lied to for years, filled them with dread. For days, they had practiced the perfect wedding kiss: long enough for photos, but not too sloppy. In the end, they managed only a quick peck. Yet for all the awkwardness, it was a day they treasure.

"In a lifetime we both spent with no support for any of our relationships . . . it is so great to stand up in front of your friends and family, the state of California and the Pacific Ocean, and have somebody recognize it, appreciate it and celebrate it," Lewis said. "That's a huge deal for people like us."

Back in Ohio they packed up and began the drive west. The first four days were like a honeymoon. But Nov. 4 found them at a hotel in Flagstaff, Ariz., watching election returns. Lewis slept fitfully, waking up twice to check on Proposition 8. By 7 a.m., it was clear it had passed. "It was the end of our last hope," Lewis said.

Horton was asleep, so Lewis slipped into the bathroom to cry. He then called his mother from the car.

"They just took away my marriage," he wept. His mother's advice was to fight.

They abandoned plans to visit the Grand Canyon and drove straight to Tehachapi, a rural community known for its apple orchards, wind turbines and maximum security prison. They pulled into a bleak apartment complex and collected their keys.

The magnitude of what they had done fully set in only when they got their Internet connected and looked up how their neighbors in Kern County had voted. Just over 75% voted in favor of Proposition 8.

"It is not an accepting environment," Lewis said.

They spent the night under a comforter on the oatmeal-colored carpet. The next day, they spread sheets of yellow cardboard on the floor and started writing: "Marriage license: $70. Wedding ceremony: $1,000. Plane tickets for family and friends: $2,700. Our wedding: priceless."

"It's liberating to take everything you feel every day and put it on a poster," Horton said, "and hold it up and say, 'I don't care who sees it.' "

Unthinkable even a few months ago, Lewis now has organized a protest himself.

When he found out that the American Academy of Physician Assistants, a professional association to which he belongs, planned to hold its annual conference at San Diego hotels owned by the Manchester Financial Group -- which donated $125,000 to help pass Proposition 8 -- he sent letters to senior officials at the academy, asking them to reconsider, and posted messages on Internet forums, urging colleagues to do the same.

All he could think of was how much money the conference would bring the hotels.

"It just kind of pushed me over the edge," he said. "Somebody has to put their neck on the line, and I was willing to do it, I guess, this time."

Credit = achievement

How to Trust Your Trust
"A quiet confidence. An inner certainty. A knowing deep within that all is well even though it may not appear so on the outside. Trust demands that we let go of fears, worry, doubt and despair which drag us down. Trust lifts us up to higher elevations where we see the bigger picture in life and know that things are happening for a reason in their own time and for our own benefit, if only we will believe this and not interfere"

When we settle into a space of trust we access our inner guidance system; we know what to do, when to do it and when to wait. We know that the ideal people and circumstances will serendipitously manifest into our lives. We may not trust everyone we meet or every situation we come across, but we trust our inner knowing. We listen to our intuitive voice that rests in stillness, guiding us to our highest path. When we let our small self or ego mind run the show we override our inner knowing. We don't trust it. It's as if we're saying to the Universe:
I know how to manage the earth, the sun, and all the planets in the cosmos.

We forget that there is a universal intelligence, a creator, source or whatever you call that divine essence guiding everything from the plants to the planets, including us, if we will allow ourselves to trust. It's a matter of releasing resistance and letting the stream of life flow through us.



Insights
* On a scale of one to ten, with ten being high, what would you rate your current level of trust (in terms of trusting how your life will unfold)?

* What supports you to tune into your inner knowing, and to increase your level of trust?

* What gets in the way of you accessing your inner knowing and being more trusting?

Inspiration
* Close your eyes and become fully present and centered by brining all of your awareness into the center of your head, a few inches back from your forehead. Rest in this place until you sense an inner stillness and expansiveness. From this centered space, tune into your essence of trust. Feel the energy of it and allow it to expand, filling your whole body. Release any resistance or holding on sensations and allow the trusting feeling to blanket you in safety.

* Each and every day, set your intention to increase your levels of inner trust by taking time to be still and feel it. Know that you don't have to control every aspect of your life; the divine essence of the universe is there to guide and take care of you. When you forget this, ask yourself what supports the earth and the other planets to orbit perfectly? What allows the plants to grow and blossom?

* The next time you have a difficult decision to make or you're concerned about the future, rather than getting lost in worry or doubt, or immediately following the lead of your practical, logical mind, take a moment to find stillness, access your inner trust, and then choose the best path.

"As soon as you trust yourself, you will know how to live." Goethe

My man's comming out

Declaration.
OMG! this is the fearest thing ever in my life.

i dont know what's my parents' respond if i said
"mom, dad. i'm a gay. i love my boyfriend, and i'm gonna married with him"
what to expect of doing this?
being discriminated from family?
nope, i dont think it is necesarry.
in my life i just live my life
i just do my best of what i will pass through.
and in this movie below, i feel so sorry for that girl.

let's check out:

Honeymoon Travels Pvt Ltd
India Movie-Bollywood

religious case for gay marriage

Newsweek’s provocative cover story this week explores what the Bible really says about gay people, gay marriage, even gay sex. Religion editor Lisa Miller talked to scholars who say neither Jesus or the Bible ever explicitly define marriage as between one man and one woman.

"The Bible’s view of marriage is nothing like the way we view marriage today," Miller told 365gay News. “There are all kinds of ways to interpret it because the Bible was written three or 4,000 years ago, for a world that looks completely unlike our own.”

Newsweek editor Jon Meacham predicted the predictable backlash in his column,
and Richard Land of the Southern Baptist Convention soon followed up.

Here’s how Newsweek laid out the religious case for gay marriage:



“There are four or so verses that are quoted over and over and over by the religious right against homosexuality,” Miller told 365gay News.

“Two of them are in Leviticus, two of them are in Paul, and there’s a verse in Genesis. I went to those verses and I talked to scholars about them, progressive scholars, and I said, is there another way to interpret this, besides just condemning homosexuality as an abomination?”

“The argument I’ve been getting the most is the Adam and Eve argument. Marriage is between a man and a woman,” Miller said.

“There’s a verse in Genesis that says when a man leaves his family he should cleave to his wife and they should become one. The problem with that verse is that it was written in a universe where men were polygamists, and as one Bible scholar I talked to said, you know he should cleave to his wife but how many wives?”

As for Leviticus, where passages refer to sex between men as “an abomination,” Miller said that’s part of a book of rules for a world very different from today.

“This was a very particular world and there are all kinds of rules in there about blood sacrifices and the best way to kill an animal. You have to say, look these rules just don’t apply themselves anymore. We don’t do weird haircuts, we don’t do blood sacrifices…. why do we have to take these two verses about human sexuality so seriously when three pages later there’s instructions on the best price to pay for a slave whether it’s a man, woman, child or old person? Let’s be real about how useful this book is to us.”

Miller pointed out that while there is no passage in the Bible that refers to sex between women, she thinks the discomfort with gay marriage is grounded in discomfort over gay sex.



“The scholars I talked to especially about the verses in Paul say that the condemnation of gay sex in Paul is really a condemnation of the worst kind of craven, licentious, debauched behavior that in fact Paul was talking about the behavior of the Roman emperors Caligula and Nero, who everybody in the first century would have known were just bad, bad people. His condemnation of it is a condemnation of a sort of general wickedness and promiscuity, and that in fact what Paul argued for, is family stability.”

“Get married, don’t get divorced. That was a big thing for Paul, stay together. It’s actually a socially conservative argument. Get married, stay married, it’s good for society, it’s good for kids, it’s good for families. Love and the experiment of trying to stay loving even through difficult times is a very Christian endeavor. Let’s try to give that to everybody.”

Miller said she was most moved by what she learned about the Bible’s true message of inclusion and love.



“The message of Jesus is to reach out to everybody. God loves everybody. A priest quoted to me Psalm 139 which is, ‘I am wonderfully and fearfully made.’ It’s a Psalm about how God sees inside you, your most secret self, even the parts of you that you don’t show to the world. And it’s a wonderful argument for gay marriage. It’s like, God loves all of us, in all of our beauty, in all of our imperfection. Why would he discern between us based on something like sexual orientation? He wouldn’t. I found that a very moving argument and it was inspiring to me.”

By Barbara Simon

Jeffrey Wayne Cole

Cole Ryder



There are unspecific information upon this actor's death.
former Rascal Exclusive Cole Ryder died of a staph infection in his sleep
Cause of death remains unknown, is pending results of an autopsy.

One of the first of a crop of more-masculine and hairy studio exclusives,
Cole was signed by Rascal in 2006,
where he went on to appear in Link:
The Evolution, When Bears Attack, and others.
He appeared on the cover of the October 2006 issue of Unzipped
and the cover of Leather Sessions.



"Cole Ryder was a beautiful person on the inside and the outside! He had such a great manly appeal and the heart of a gentle giant. Cole was always such a pleasure to work with and I'm deeply saddened by his passing. I can only wish now that he is in peace and he will always have a special place in my heart and the C1R Family"--Chi Chi LaRue

ok check out more about his death:

ADULT FILM STAR, COLE RYDER, DIES
LONG BEACH, CA, JULY 30, 2008:



Cole Ryder passed away of natural causes at his home in Long Beach, California, shortly past 8 am on Wednesday, July 30th, 2008, at the age of 36. Cole passed peacefully in his sleep, surrounded by friends.

Cole was signed as an exclusive to Rascal Video in 2006 starting the trend of more masculine, rugged studio exclusives. His career was short, but prolific. He appeared in nine films over the course of two years, with two films still in post production.

Cole touched many people’s lives personally and professionally. He was always the first to greet anyone with a big smile and warm embrace. He listened and spoke with his heart.

Cole was active and passionate about animals and HIV education, prevention and fund raising. In June, 2008, Cole was the Honorary Trail Guide for Saddle Up LA, a benefit fundraiser for The Life Group LA of which he was very proud to be a part.

Cole would without a doubt appreciate a donation, large or small, to The Life Group LA with which he felt a close connection and affiliation. Funds donated in his name will launch a support program for emergency veterinary care for the pets of HIV+ men and woman.

The coroner’s first impression is that the immediate cause of Cole’s death was congestive heart failure. Preliminary tissue studies showed Cole suffered from severe, hereditary, arteriosclerosis, a hardening of the blood vessels, which can lead to heart attack, stroke or aneurysm. Final autopsy results are pending.

Family and friends wish to thank everyone for their sympathy and support.

he was participated in these tittles:
The Big Surprise
The Bigger The Better
Buster Goes to Laguna
Buster: The Best Years
Hole Punch
Hot Numbers 1
Hot Numbers 2
Hot Numbers 4
Night Flight
Puerto Rican Pick Up 3
Sailor in the Wild
Sex in the Great Outdoors
Sexquest
The Unchained
Palm Pilots (VCA) with Danny Brown, JD Slater, Scott Taylor, Julian Adams, Leo Ford, Mike Paget, David Ross, Tony Peters, Steve Warner.

Dedication From Ourself

What are your gifts you bring to the world?

"We each have gifts to offer; ways of being, skills, talents, personality traits and so on that arise naturally from our authentic selves. At times it's easier to focus on what we're missing, on our defaults, or on what we don't have in comparison to others. This perspective goes against our highest truth so depletes us and makes us feel small. When we become aware of what we do have to give we feel full and whole"

Sharing your gifts with others, no matter how small or large, is an expression of love and abundance. You might not be aware of what your gifts are, but know deep inside that you are giving whenever you interact with others from true self. It might be your welcoming smile that warms someone's heart, or your sense of humour that brightens their day.

Perhaps you have the gift of clear communication that makes connecting so easy, or a gentle touch that helps someone feel loved. Maybe you listen from your whole being so others feel truly heard. It might be a skill that you offer like organizing details, planning events, or researching subjects. You may have a talent for creating beauty through art, music or words. Whatever it is, acknowledge it and share it with the world.



Insights
* What are the gifts you are aware of in yourself? Make a list of all your skills, talents and personality traits that you have to offer.

* What gifts are easy for you to share with others? What gifts do you hold back on? What makes it easier for you to be visible with your gifts and what makes it difficult?

* What are the gifts you see in others that you wish you had? When we admire something in others or even envy them, it is often a sign of an undeveloped or un-owned gift within us. Make a list of the gifts you'd like to unearth in yourself.

Inspiration
* Set your intention each day to acknowledge and appreciate the gifts, talents and skills you have to offer yourself, others and the world. Whenever you judge yourself, turn it around by focusing on your gifts.

* Consciously choose to share your gifts with others \u2013 be it your smile, your laugh, your touch, your communication style, your talents or skills. Notice how you feel when you share of yourself freely.

* Find one gift, skill or talent you would like to bring out more and share, and begin doing that today. Let go of any judgment, shyness or resistance that stands in your way.

"Happiness is not so much in having as sharing.
We make a living by what we get,
but we make a life by what we give."
Norman Macewan

The Crisis, 40 stories

Depression, fear, rejection, persecution, and isolation
these becoming kinda Trauma for much gay juvenile in USA
they are the victim of homophobia and discrimination.


"Crisis:
40 Stories Revealing
the Personal, Social, Religious Pain
and Trauma of Growing Up Gay in America"

a book by Mitchell Gold (Author), Mindy Drucker (Author)

[This book is for: clergy, parents, educators, and politicians who cause harm with their words and actions; parents of gay teens; teens navigating this difficult time; and fair-minded people who want to help end the harm. Here are revealing stories by forty diverse Americans, some well known and some not, plus insights from straight clergy and parents explaining their support of gay people as whole human beings guaranteed equal rights by our Constitution]

i think this book could be the solution and the support
to encourage to whom he could be
the one of in mental crisis who facing the descrimination in their society.
there are a lot of stories where they tell us about their life
offering us support and looking at gay people for what they are--human beings who are guaranteed equal rights but may not get them because they are guilty of loving people of the same sex as they are.

i think it is an interesting book that we should read.
dont missed it.

Recognize if he is gay or not?

There is a highly accurate way a casual observer
can tell if a man is gay:
Just pay attention to his body type and the way he walks.

Both offer subtle cues about sexual orientation,
but casual observers seem to be able to read
those cues better in gay men than in lesbians,
according to a study from researchers at UCLA,
New York University and Texas A&M.

The study: Eight male and eight female volunteers,
half of whom were gay and half of whom were straight, participated.
Led by Kerri Johnson of UCLA, the team measured their hips, waists and shoulders.
Then each volunteer walked on a treadmill for
two minutes while being filmed by a 3D motion-capture system that
allowed researchers to track the precise
amount of shoulder swagger and hip sway in their gait.


The results: In terms of body motion or gait, gays and lesbians tended to have body types that were unusual for their gender. That is, gay men had hourglass figures, while the lesbians had more tubular bodies. In addition, the gay men tended to sway their hips, while the lesbian women swaggered their shoulders more than their straight counterparts.


The team then showed the treadmill videos--with only the volunteers' backsides visible--to 112 undergraduate observers. These students determined the volunteers' sexual orientation with an overall accuracy rate that exceeded chance, even though they could not see the volunteers' faces or the details of their clothing. Specifically, the students correctly categorized sexual orientation 60 percent of the time for men; however, their accuracy for women did not exceed what they would do just by chance.


"We already know that men and women are built differently and walk differently from each other and that casual observers use this information as clues in making a range of social judgments," Johnson said in a statement announcing the findings. "Now we've found that casual observers can use gait and body shape to judge whether a stranger is gay or straight with a small but perceptible amount of accuracy."

The findings build on recent research that shows that casual observers can often correctly identify sexual orientation with very limited information. A 1999 Harvard study, for example, found that just by looking at the photographs of seated strangers, college undergraduates were able to judge sexual orientation accurately 55 percent of the time.


"Studies like ours are raising questions about the value of the military's 'don't ask, don't tell' policy," Johnson said. "If casual observers can determine sexual orientation with minimal information, then the value in concealing this information certainly appears questionable. Given that we all appear to be able to deduce this information to some degree with just a glance, more comprehensive policies may be required to protect gays against discrimination based on their sexual orientation."

The study findings were published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

DHT : The Fact & The Myth

"For many people, it is NOT something that you want to reduce
or eliminate in the body. For some others though,
keeping DHT levels under control is probably a prudent course of action"

A considerable chunk of my workday is always spent answering people's questions about prohormones and steroids. Of course, one of the biggest concerns people have is about estrogen and estrogen related side effects. Right behind that however are questions about DHT. It seems that people have the misconception that DHT is some evil androgen byproduct that serves no purpose in the body but to make our prostates blow up and our hair fall out.

The real situation is of course much more complex. DHT is one of those good guy/bad guy hormones that is sorely misunderstood. For many people, it is NOT something that you want to reduce or eliminate in the body. For some others though, keeping DHT levels under control is probably a prudent course of action. Knowing the facts about DHT will help you decide just which group you belong to.

Testosterone Is A Prohormone?
The main androgen secreted by the testes is of course testosterone. However, in most of the body, the androgenic signal is not carried through by testosterone. In these tissues, which include the brain (CNS), skin, genitals—practically everything but muscle—the active androgen is actually DHT. Testosterone in this case simply acts as a prohormone that is converted to the active androgen DHT by the action of the enzyme 5alpha reductase (5-AR).

5-AR is concentrated heavily in practically every androgen dependent area of the body except for skeletal muscle. This results in very little testosterone actually getting through to these parts of the body to bind to androgen receptors. Instead, it is quickly transformed into DHT, which then interacts with receptors.

This transformation serves a very important biological function in these tissues. You see, DHT is a much stronger androgen than testosterone - it binds about 3-5 times more strongly to the androgen receptor. If you took away 5-AR from these tissues and blocked the formation of DHT, then you would see some dramatic changes in physiology.

A good case in point is demonstrated in male pseudohermaphroditism due to congenital 5-AR deficiency. This is a relatively rare disorder, however it is actually quite common in the Dominican Republic. In this disorder, males are born with little or no 5-AR enzyme. They have ambiguous genitalia and are often raised as girls. When puberty occurs, their testosterone levels elevate normally although their DHT levels remain very low. Their musculature develops normally like that of other adults, however, they end up with little or no pubic/body hair and underdeveloped prostate and penis. Their libido and sexual function is often disrupted also.

Testosterone Is The Active Androgen In Muscle
Skeletal muscle is unique from other androgen dependent tissues in the body. It actually contains little or no 5-AR, so little or no DHT is actually formed in the muscle. In addition to this, any DHT that is formed, or that is already present in the blood and travels to the muscle, is quickly deactivated by an enzyme called 3alpha-hydroxysteroid reductase (3a-HSD).

So at least as far as muscle is concerned, testosterone is the primary active androgen. This is not to say that administering exogenous DHT is not without any anabolic effect. It actually does have some anabolic activity in the muscle, albeit significantly weaker than that of an equal amount of testosterone. This is due to its quick breakdown by 3a-HSD into the weak metabolite 5alpha-androstan-3a, 17b-diol. If this enzyme were somehow blocked, it is likely that DHT would exhibit very potent anabolic effects on muscle.

It is important to understand that even though testosterone is the active androgen in muscle, and DHT exhibits relatively little direct anabolic effects on muscle in men, DHT is still very important for the full performance enhancement effects from testosterone. What I specifically mean here are the effects of DHT on the central nervous system that lead to increased neurological efficiency (strength), and increased resistance to psychological and physical stress—not to mention optimal sexual function and libido.

I have heard several anecdotal reports of individuals who have stacked testosterone with Proscar (a 5-AR inhibitor) and have noticed significantly reduced performance enhancement effects. What's going on here? We know it couldn't be due to the inhibition of the direct anabolic activity of testosterone on muscle anabolism. Most likely it is due to the reduction of androgenic effects in other parts of the body that contribute to the ergogenic effects. Specifically the CNS, which is stimulated by androgens to increase neural output leading to greater strength and greater recoverability. Another possibility is a reduction in the production of androgen dependent liver growth factors (such as IGF-1), since DHT is an important androgen in the liver.
Anti-Estrogen Effects Of DHT
One important function of DHT in the body that does not get much discussion is its antagonism of estrogen. Some men that take Proscar learn this the hard way—by developing a case of gynecomastia. By reducing DHT's protection against estrogen in the body, these men have fallen victim to its most dreaded ramification-bitch tits.

How does DHT protect against estrogen? There are at least three ways that this likely occurs. First of all, DHT directly inhibits estrogens activity on tissues. It either does this by acting as a competitive antagonist to the estrogen receptor or by decreasing estrogen-induced RNA transcription at a point subsequent to estrogen receptor binding.

Second of all, DHT and its metabolites have been shown to directly block the production of estrogens from androgens by inhibiting the activity of the aromatase enzyme. The studies done in breast tissue showed that DHT, androsterone, and 5alpha-androstandione are potent inhibitors of the formation of estrone from androstenedione. 5alpha-androstandione was shown to be the most potent, while androsterone was the least.

Lastly, DHT acts on the hypothalamus/pituitary to decrease the secretion of gonadotropins. By decreasing the secretion of gonadotropins you decrease the production of the raw materials for estrogen production testosterone and androstenedione (DHT itself cannot aromatize into estrogens). This property of DHT comes into particular utility when it is administered exogenously, and this is to be discussed in further detail in the next section.

DHT, Estrogen, And The Prostate
When it comes to sex hormones, few things are as misunderstood by the general consumer as the relationship of the prostate to DHT. The inaccurate and overly simplistic attitude that DHT is responsible for prostate hypertrophy, and even prostate cancer predominates amongst most people.

The real situation is, of course, much more complex. One must understand that there are marked differences between healthy prostate growth (developmental growth), prostate growth due to BPH, and cancerous prostate growth.

The first period of prostate growth, deemed developmental growth, is connected to puberty and the testicular secretion of androgens. This takes the prostate from its prepubertal dormancy to the normal sized, healthy, and functional prostate gland of an adult. During the early and mid adult years the prostate stays at this stage, despite the constant levels of high levels of androgens in the body. However, if androgens are blocked in the body then the adult prostate will shrink in size. This can occur by castration, or even by blockade of 5-AR (recall that DHT is the active androgen in the prostate).

Later in life, there is often a second stage of growth. This growth is deemed benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) and this growth occurs in a wholly different hormonal environment than that of developmental growth. Evidence is mounting that the existence of a high estrogen/androgen ratio—a condition common in older men—is highly correlated to the development of BPH.

Experimental studies have shown the inability of androgens with saturated A rings (DHT related) to induce an initial condition of prostate hypertrophy. These compounds are non-aromatizable. While, aromatizable androgens on the other hand, such as testosterone or androstenedione can induce hyperplasic modifications of the prostate of monkeys, but these effects are reversed by addition of an aromatase inhibitor.

So apparently, estrogen is a causative factor in BPH. Or, probably more accurately, estrogen in the presence of a minimum, permissive amount of androgen.

None of this may come as news to many of you, but I bet that very few of you know that DHT can actually be used to treat BPH!! How can it do that? It basically does this by replacing the testosterone in the body, which then has the effect of reducing the amount of estrogen in the body.

"DHT can actually be used to treat benign
prostate hypertrophy (BPH)!"
As I started to explain before, DHT is a strong androgen that will signal the pituitary to decrease the production of gonadotropins. The decrease in gonadotropins will then cause less testosterone to be produced which will in turn cause the estrogen levels to drop. The resulting change in the hormonal milieu (high DHT, low estrogen) then apparently results in a regression of BPH. The clinical application of this theory is discussed in US patent 5,648,350 Dihydrotestosterone for use in androgenotherapy.

The following two paragraphs taken from the patent study illustrates the results:

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In 27 subjects in which the plasma DHT level was controlled, so as to modulate the administered doses, said levels have been increased to 2.5 to 6 ng/ml. There resulted a decrease in gonadotrophy as well as in the plasma levels of testosterone which exceeded at least 1.5 ng/ ml (from 0.5 to 1.4 according to the case); as to the estradiol plasma levels, these decreased by 50% .
Among this group of subjects, the volume of the prostate diminished significantly, as was evaluated by ultrasound and by PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen). The mean volume of the prostates was from 31.09. + .16.31 grams before treatment and from 26.34. + -. 12.72 grams after treatment, for a mean reduction of 15.4%, the treatment having a mean duration of 1.8 years with DHT (P= 0.01).

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The information from this study kind of flies in the face of the traditional thinking concerning BPH now doesn't it?

Conclusion
Unfortunately, people seem to have a natural tendency to classify things as either good or bad, black or white with absolutely no gray areas. DHT (like estrogen) has recently been on everyone's bad list, and is often considered to be a hormone that serves no function in the body except to cause harm. Now that you have all the necessary facts you can ultimately see, this view is far from the truth.

In my opinion, the widespread use of 5-AR inhibitors such as Proscar as a prophylactic agent for people that don't really need it should be highly reconsidered. After reading this I hope you'll agree with me or at least keep an open mind on this sensitive subject. In other words, why don't you just give DHT a break.

By: Reform Mag

Why man has hair in their body?

A little chest hair can be very sexy but a lot of it makes you look like a woolly mammoth! ha2.... and i feel chest hair makes u more stinky!

"At the start of pubery.
Usually ages 12-15 in males, it grows.
Actually, men don't stop developing their body hair
until they are in their 30s,
so it's fairly common to be smooth-chested
for a long time and then in adulthood
find you have a hairier chest
than you did as a teenager" Wiki answer



Vellus hair is already present in the area in childhood, the term chest hair is generally restricted to the terminal hair that develops as an effect of rising levels of androgens (primarily testosterone and its derivatives) due to puberty. Different from the head hair, it is therefore a secondary sexual characteristic. In contrast to women the body of men tends to be covered far more with terminal hair, particularly on the chest, the abdomen and the face.

The development of chest hair begins normally during late puberty, usually between the ages of 16-19. It can also start later, between the age of 20 and 30, so that many men in their twenties have not yet reached their full chest hair development. The growth continues subsequently. In older adult years androgens cause thickening of the hair.

"It has to do with the way testosteron is converted to DHT. There is a genetic prediposition to body hair distribution, but the penetrance is variable. Also, varying hormonal levels in men can lead to changes in hair distribution; which also explains the variation you may observe." yahoo answer


The individual occurrence and characteristics of chest hair depend on the genetic disposition, the hormonal status and the age of the person. The genes primarily determine the amount, patterns and thickness of chest hair. Some men are very hairy, while others have no chest hair at all. Each pattern of hair growth is normal. The areas where terminal hair may grow are the periareolar areas (nipples), the centre and sides of the chest and the clavicle (collarbone).

The direction of growth of hair can make for interesting patterns, akin to depictions of mathematical vector fields. Typical males will exhibit a node on the upper sternum, the hair above which points up and the hair below which points down. Some individuals (of say the pattern in diagram 3) have spirals on their upper pectoral regions (several inches from the nipple towards the neck) which run clockwise on the left breast and counter-clockwise on the right.

Considering an individual occurrence of chest hair as abnormal does not implicitly depend on medical indications but primarily on cultural and social attitudes. An excessive growth of terminal hair on the body of men and women is called hypertrichosis. This medical term has to be distinguished from hirsutism that just affects women. These women can develop terminal hair on the chest following the male pattern as a symptom of an endocrine disease.

There have been occasional studies documenting patterns of chest hair in men and occurrence of these patterns. A study of 1100 men aged 17 to 71 defined and documented ten patterns of chest hair in Caucasoid men. In this study 6 percent of the men were found to have no chest hair. The largest group, 56 percent, displayed pattern four as shown in the accompanying figure. The remaining 38 percent of the men displayed a lesser quantity of chest hair. Seven percent displayed pattern one, 13 percent displayed pattern two and 18 percent displayed various other patterns.

The same study documented the chest hair patterns of 60 African-American men aged 20-40. For these men 22 percent were found to have no chest hair. The largest group, 37 percent displayed pattern four and the remaining 41 percent had a lesser quantity of chest hair. Eight percent displayed pattern one, 12 percent pattern two and 11 percent displayed various other patterns.

"A man's hair pattern follows the men on his Mother's side. So, look at your Mom's Dad or brothers. Chances are, your hair will be similar to theirs. It's all in the genes" yahoo answer

Before puberty, the abdominal region of both males and females is covered with very fine vellus hair. In response to rising levels of androgens (mainly testosterone) during and after puberty, the skin of the abdomen begins to produce coarser, longer and more pigmented hair (terminal hair). This process affects primarily men. Initially hair grows in a vertical line from the pubic area up to the navel and from the thorax down to the navel. Although the development of abdominal hair normally begins during puberty, it may also start later, between the ages of 20 and 30. With some men, the abdominal hair will stay within a clearly defined vertical line, but in others, terminal hair will appear laterally as well as vertically, particularly in the area around the navel. This lateral spreading can continue into middle age. Abdominal hair (particularly the "treasure trail") often signifies young teen men stepping into adulthood, as it represents that their bodies are changing. The study noted below found that two in three young men have a (sagittal) "treasure trail" by the time they are seventeen, and nearly half have one by time they are fifteen.

Some women may develop a small line of hair from the pubic area up to the navel. According to the female sex image in some cultures this is seen as desirable, and in others it is seen as unattractive. Excessive abdominal hair on women, following the male pattern, is called hirsutism.


Various studies of Caucasian subjects have documented four general patterns of pubic and abdominal hair including:

Horizontal - Characterized by upper surface of pubic hair terminating in a horizontal line with no hair extending to the abdomen.
Sagittal - Resembles the first but with the addition of a narrow vertical band of hair extending from the pubic hair towards the navel, often slang called a 'Snail Trail'. (See Photograph)
Acuminate - Characterized by a tapered, inverted 'V' pattern extending upward from the pubic hair. Upper limit may end below the navel, at the navel, above the navel or near the chest. (Example shown in accompanying photograph.)
Disperse (or quadrangular) - Hair is distributed broadly over the abdomen without forming a discrete geometric pattern.
Richard Zickler performed a 1997 study (see citation below) of the above patterns and their occurrence in males and females, paying particular attention to the development of hair during puberty. in In Zickler's study the horizontal pattern was most common in females with an incidence of about 80 percent. This pattern occurred in 6% of males, including 55% of 13-15 year olds and 28% of 16 and 17 year olds. The sagittal pattern was found in 44% of males under 16,67% of males aged 16-17, 20% of males over 17, and 17% of females. The acuminate pattern occurred in about 55 percent of males and occasionally in females. The disperse pattern occurred in about 19 percent of the males studied.

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DHT: Dihydrotestosterone
a biologically active metabolite C19H30O2 of testosterone having similar androgenic activity, formed primarily in the prostate gland, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands by the enzyme 5α-reductase by means of reducing the 4,5 double-bond,
also commonly called androgenic hormones or testoids

DHT is produced by males in vivo and is responsible for the formation of male sex-specific characteristics. DHT is an important contributor to other characteristics generally attributed to males, including facial and body hair growth, and deepening of the voice. DHT may also play a crucial role in both sex drive and the growth of muscle tissue.[2] Unlike other androgens such as testosterone, DHT cannot be converted by the enzyme aromatase to estradiol[3]. It, therefore, is frequently used in research settings to distinguish between effects of testosterone caused by binding to the androgen receptor, and those caused by testosterone's conversion to estradiol and subsequent binding to estrogen receptors.

DHT is the primary contributing factor in male-pattern baldness. This is not the case for women; female-pattern baldness is characterized by increased rates of production of testosterone, but not of DHT.

Body language

Men’s body language tends to be more dominant.
Many male gestures are meant to signify
“Hey, I’m the boss!” or “Don’t mess with me!”
Men tend to occupy more space when they’re communicating.
They will often show dominance by
spreading their legs while sitting.




BL = Expression

A man will often stand much further away when he’s first talking to another person. Men also tend to recline back when they are listening. This allows him to remain in full control and observe the situation from a distance. That or else he’s hinting that you forgot your deodorant this morning!

Once he has established “control”, he will often stand much closer to the other person that a woman would. This is also a non-verbal gesture meant to signify dominance.

Many men keep their fingers together or
point their fingers while speaking.



Our mothers all taught us that it’s impolite to point, but he probably doesn’t mean it as a negative gesture. Finger pointing often comes naturally to men.
The only time you need to worry is if he’s pointing his finger at you in a police lineup!

Men usually display less warmth and emotion in their faces. They use more reserved facial gestures.
This doesn’t necessarily mean that they are not interested in you or what you have to say. Women need to realize that this is a normal part of male body language.
Just remember, we said men tend to display “less warmth” – not “no warmth”. If a man is shooting daggers at you with his eyes, it’s probably not a good sign.



When is the last time you watched a man’s entire face light up? Well, other than when he buys his first expensive sports car…
Men just tend to show less emotion than women. Women need to learn to recognize and accept this fact.

A man will often tilt his head when he’s talking to you. This is a normal gesture common among males. Women shouldn’t interpret this as a sign he’s trying to check out the women behind you. Although we can’t make any promises…

Men usually face confrontation directly.



If a man finds himself in a heated discussion, he will often take a more direct approach than a woman. He may stare intently at the other person. Or just walk away. But that won’t help our discussion so let’s stick with the staring!

His direct male body language signals that he is ready to face his fears and accept a challenge. Another common trait is for a man to take a step forward and then just stand there.

This is often interpreted by the other person as threatening.
Men tend to fidget more and change body positions more often than women.

Yes, we did say that fidgeting can be a sign of nervousness and anxiety. And it is.
But you also need to realize that men tend to fidget a lot more with their hands and feet.

A man will often pick up a pencil and toss it in the air or shift his body in the chair several times during a conversation. This doesn’t necessarily mean he’s bored –just a typical male!
Men often need more time to be able to focus on something than a woman does. Unless, of course, the “something” is a woman!


They may be displaying a long tradition
of trying to “entice” the woman by showing off.



Have you ever noticed how a man will often fiddle with his new cell phone in front of a woman?
He may be subconsciously trying to show her “Hey, look at me. Look what I have to offer!”

For you, out there, take note of the following male body language:


Dominant body gestures
Reserved facial expressions
Faces confrontation directly
Tendency to fidget
These gestures may be typically annoying to women, but they’re also typically male!

Learning to recognize some common male body language, especially how men flirt, will improve your communication with the opposite sex.

Male Pheromones

Finding the Perfect Mate:



The process of finding a mate is a series of conscious and unconscious determinations made by the brain and body of the organisms seeking to reproduce. While men and women both emit and are affected by pheromones, females unknowingly respond to these chemical signals when searching for a partner. Most females swoon over the looks of handsome men, with defined muscle and beautiful symmetrical facial features, but fail to realize that attraction does not solely revolve around physical attributes: "it's not how you look on the outside but what's on the inside that counts". Perhaps this statement holds a scientific truth.

While looks might appear as the most important factor at the start of any relationship, what drives strong emotional feelings are a series of chemical signals being emitted by the male. These chemical signals, or pheromones, interact with specific sites in female nostrils to cause intense emotional feelings. These sites include a series of vemeronasal organs (VNOs) that process pheromone signals from men and connect directly to a part of the brain that manages basic drives and emotions. 1) Smell: The Forgotten Sense The pheromones act as emotional stimuli and carry an array of markers that can identify a particular male's major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or a cluster of genes that play an important role in immune function. 1) Smell: The Forgotten Sense To respond to continuously changing environmental selection pressures, the MHC and pheromone signals, work effectively with female mate preferences to ensure a diverse selection of allele combination for future progeny. The MHC influences both body odors and body odor preference in human females to ensure the production of genetically diverse offspring.


Pheromones themselves share similarities with odorants, or those chemicals detected by the body as odors, but both simple odors and pheromones stimulate different pathways within the brain. The difference between normal odorant signals and pheromone signals lies in the responses elicited by the brain. Odorant signals result in sensations of smell while pheromone signals trigger a characteristic behavior or psychological response. 2 ) Pheremones: What's in a name? Pheromones are processed by the vomeronasal system or accessory olfactory system, in the brain, which uses a specialized structure in the nose, the vomeronasal organ, to receive chemical signals. On the other hand, normal odor signals interact directly with the main olfactory system. 2 ) Pheremones: What's in a name? > In 1985 researchers at the University of Colorado isolated the VNOs within human nostrils and coincidentally VNOs connected directly to part of the brain responsible for drives and emotion by stimulation of the hypothalamus in the cortex of the brain. 1) Smell: The Forgotten Sense

The pheromones originate in the apocrine glands of the skin located in the axillae of the armpits and pubic region. 1) Smell: The Forgotten Sense > In humans the apocrine glands are focused in areas around the face, chest and wherever body hair exists and become activated after puberty, a time focused on finding a mate. 3) The World of Skin Care In male sexual maturation, the apocrine glands produce steroidal secretions derived from testosterone, as andorstenone (male sweat exposed to oxygen) and androstenol (fresh male sweat). 4) Male Pheromones and Sexual Attraction As a result, pheromones act as hormones or chemical messengers that are transported outside of the body to evoke responses in another. 5) Social Issues Research Centre


Current research suggests that influences of the MHC alter body odor, and male body odor preferences in females. Pheromones work with MHC specific cites as cues to persuade certain human mate choices. 1) Smell: The Forgotten Sense Recent studies support the theory that the MHC acts as a genetic marker of relatedness that prevents inbreeding and thus the exposure of deleterious allele combinations. The MHC consists of a large cluster of genes located on the short arm of Chromosome 6. 6) MHC-Dependent mate preferences in humans The MHC contains many base pair polymorphisms which allow for distinct individual immune defenses, and may define the chemical differences that are distinguishable among male pheromones. 7) The Majorhistocompatability Complex

Female attraction to male specific pheromone secretions, that represent differing immune identifiers, prevents producing multiple progeny with similar MHC loci. The diverse MHC among offspring of female mammals leads to diverse allele combinations that can in turn lead to a more diverse immune function. Through the discouragement of non-random mating, this specificity leads to a decrease in effective population size which changes the distribution of allele frequencies in the next generation. By choosing opposite allele types in the MHC the female is ensuring the energetic investment made by her nine month gestation period will result in a viable and healthy offspring.



In mice, pregnant females that come in contact with male mice that contain similar MHC loci as the fathering male can spontaneously abort the fetus. 6) MHC-Dependent mate preferences in humans The spontaneous abortions are the cause of mother investment to the progeny and preventing the selective process. The great diversity of MHC loci and immune function result in a diverse heterogeneous society and thus allow heterogeneity to be promoted through sexual selection. If people of similar MHC loci mate then the offspring would be at a selective disadvantage due to a lack of diverse immune defense. By the spontaneous abortions, as seen in mice, the mother is eliminating the duplication of multiple equal MHC loci.


The question still remains as to what happens if the female has defective VNOs and cannot effectively identify a male with differing MHC loci. In this case the cycle of heterogeneity fails and perhaps the large percentage of immune dysfunctional individuals can attribute their deficiencies to defects in female mate choice. Perhaps these defective progeny as well inherit the defective VNO trait and add to the large genetic variability of immune diseases. This indicates a defective strain in the cycle of heterogeneity among individuals. Perhaps the complexity of relationships is out of individual control and remains under the harsh grip of chemical signals and input pathways.


Works Cited :
1) Woronczuk, Julia and Medwid, Stephanie, and Neumann, Laura, and Eshelman, Sarah. "Smell and Attraction". Smell: The Forgotten Sense. January 22, 2006
2) Elia T. Ben-Ari. Pheremones: What's in a name?. Biological Sciences, Vol. 48, No. 7. (Jul, 1998),pp. 505-511
3) Dr. John Gray. The World of Skin Care. January 22, 2006.
4) Thorne, Frances and Neave, Nick and Scholey, Andrew and Moss, Mark, and Fink, Bernhard. Male Pheromones and Sexual Attraction. Neuroendocrinology Letters 2002.<>
5) Rationis,Vox. "Sexual Attraction". Social Issues Research Centre. January 28, 2006
6) Claus Wedekind; Thomas Seebeck; Florence Bettens; Alexander J. Paepke. MHC-Dependent mate preferences in humans. The Royal Society : Biological Sciences, Vol. 260, No. 1359 (Jun. 22, 1995), 245-249.
7) RT. "The Majorhistocompatability Complex". January 24, 2006.http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/genome/genesandbody/hg05f005.html
Works Consulted
Gale Peter Largey, David Rodney Watson. The Sociology of Odors. The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 77, No. 6. (May, 1972), pp. 1021-1034.
Erik E. Filsinger, Richard A. Fabes. Odor Communication, Pheromones, and Human Families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 47, No. 2.(May, 1985), pp. 349-359

By: Danielle Marck

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NB:
Vocabulary: pher·o·mone [Function: noun]
Pronunciation: \ˈfer-ə-ˌmōn\
Etymology: International Scientific Vocabulary phero-
(from Greek pherein to carry) + -mone (as in hormone) — more at bear [Date: 1959]
"a chemical substance that is usually produced by an animal and serves especially as a stimulus to other individuals of the same species for one or more behavioral responses"
— pher·o·mon·al \ˌfer-ə-ˈmō-nəl\ adjective